Topic 4. Europe
Modern countries in Europe
Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Channel Islands (U.K.), Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Gibraltar (U.K.), Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Vatican City
Significant ancient societies, religions, and cultures in Europe Paleolithic societies in Spain and France, Celtic societies in northern Europe, Neolithic to Bronze Age sites in Eastern Europe; Minoan and Mycenaean societies in Greece, ancient Athens and Sparta, Etruscan society in Italy, the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire in Europe, the Islamic Empire on the Iberian Peninsula
Physical and political geography of Europe
Ancient and Classical Greece, c. 1200-300 BCE 5 Weeks
Supporting Question: How does the democracy of Athens compare to the democracies of today?
constitution writing, rule of law.
Ancient and Classical Rome, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire, c. 500 BCE-500 CE
Supporting Questions: What was the influence and legacy of the Roman Empire on the conquered peoples in the territory it controlled? 7 Weeks
31. Describe the history of ancient Israel and early Christianity (6th frameworks)
BYZ Justinian Code?
The ancient Arabian Peninsula (7th century CE) ISLAM Supporting question: Why is the belief in one God significant to Islam, Judaism, and Christianity? (Note located in 6th frameworks) 7 weeks
16. Describe coexistence, tolerance, and trade between Arab and Christian kingdoms in the 8th to early 10th centuries CE. Golden Age of Islam
20. Explain how classical learning survived into the medieval world
a. the role of Islamic scholars in preserving Greek, Roman, and Arabic texts
b.. explain the global spread and consequences of Chinese inventions and technologies (e.g., gunpowder, the compass, printing, and papermaking).
Interactions among ancient societies in Western Asia, North Africa, and the Middle East
Supporting Question: How did ideas spread across ancient societies in this region? (Including WHI Topic 3)
d. The Mongol Empire (1206-1368 CE), its role in the Silk Routes, the rule of Genghis Khan and Kublai Khan, contacts with Europeans, and the cultural achievements of the Yuan Dynasty (1221-1368) and early years of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) in China.
e. The Ottoman Empire from its beginnings in 1299 CE, its capture of the city of Constantinople in 1453, through the reign of Sultan Süleiman I (1566 CE)
g. The early period of the Mughal Empire in India (1527-1857 CE) and its development as a major textile, shipbuilding, and firearms manufacturer and exporter and a major center of illustrated manuscripts
Topic 3 World History MIDDLE AGES : Explain the concepts of hereditary rule, kingdom, empire, feudal society, and dynasty and explain why these concepts are important in the analysis of political power and governments in different historical periods and in different places. European Middle Ages. 10 Weeks
Kingdoms and empires based in Europe[2]
k. Kingdoms and feudal societies in England, France, Germany, Rome, the Netherlands, Russia, and Spain, including the Holy Roman Empire (c. 5th century-1492 CE)
Explain the consolidation of wealth of the Catholic Church and the power struggles within the church in the 11th century CE, the development of the practices of feudalism, knighthood, and chivalry in Europe, and the emergence of the concept of rights in England.
The role of Christian monasteries housing libraries and making manuscript copies of Christian and pagan texts and the development of European universities from the 9th to the 13th centuries
22. Analyze the Agricultural Revolution (Arab or Green Revolution) in Africa, Europe, and Asia, including the diffusion of plants from Asia and Africa into medieval Spain and the construction of large scale systems of irrigation (e.g., canals, windmills, and aqueducts).
Explain the global consequences of diseases, focusing on the Bubonic plague and its spread through the Eurasian and African trade routes several times, in particular the severity of the impact of the disease on mortality rates in Europe, Africa, and Asia in the 15th century CE.
Evaluate the causes, course, and consequences of the European Crusades in the Mediterranean region in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries CE.
30. Describe the expulsion of Jews and Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula after the Treaty of Granada (1492), the rise of Spanish and Portuguese Kingdoms, the Spanish Inquisition, and the Spanish expeditions to conquer and Christianize the Americas and the Philippines, and Portuguese conflicts with Muslim states. (Topic 5 WHI)
36. Explain why England was the exception to the growth of absolutism in Europe.
a. the causes, essential events, and effects of the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution of 1688
b. the English Bill of Rights and its limits on the power of the monarch to act without the consent of Parliament (Topic 6 WHI)
European Renaissance 4 Weeks
24. Describe the origins and development of the European Renaissance, the emerging concept of humanism, and the influence and accomplishments of key artists, writers, and inventors of the Italian and Northern European Renaissance.
Clarification Statement: Students may use the following examples to meet this Standard:
Italian Renaissance: Michelangelo Buonarroti, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Niccolò Machiavelli, Filippo Brunelleschi
Northern Renaissance: Jan van Eyck, Albrecht Durer, Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Hieronymus Bosch, William Shakespeare, Erasmus, Johannes Gutenberg
Italian city-states such as Venice, Milan, Florence, and Genoa (c. 800-1500 CE), the development of banking, capitalism, education, patronage of the arts, commerce with the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires and Asia
Protestant Reformation 2 Weeks
Describe political and religious origins of the Protestant Reformation and its effects on European society, including. the reasons for the growing discontent with the Catholic Church; the main ideas of Martin Luther and John Calvin; the importance of Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press and its adoption by others in the spread of Protestantism across Europe, and the formation of the Anglican Church.
Explain the purposes and policies of the Catholic Counter-Reformation, including the influence and ideas of Ignatius Loyola.
Identify the role that the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation played on shifting political power in Europe, the persecution of religious minorities, and wars among European nations in the 15th and 16th centuries.
Philosophies of government and society
Supporting question: How did philosophies of government shape the everyday lives of people?
34. Identify the origins and the ideals of the European Enlightenment, such as happiness, reason, progress, liberty, and natural rights, and how intellectuals of the movement (e.g., Denis Diderot, Emmanuel Kant, John Locke, Charles de Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Mary Wollstonecraft, Cesare Beccaria, Voltaire, or social satirists such as Molière and William Hogarth) exemplified these ideals in their work and challenged existing political, economic, social, and religious structures.
35. Explain historical philosophies of government, giving examples from world history:
Modern countries in Europe
Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Channel Islands (U.K.), Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Gibraltar (U.K.), Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Vatican City
Significant ancient societies, religions, and cultures in Europe Paleolithic societies in Spain and France, Celtic societies in northern Europe, Neolithic to Bronze Age sites in Eastern Europe; Minoan and Mycenaean societies in Greece, ancient Athens and Sparta, Etruscan society in Italy, the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire in Europe, the Islamic Empire on the Iberian Peninsula
Physical and political geography of Europe
- On a physical map of the world, use cardinal directions, map scales, key/legend, and title to locate Europe. Locate important physical features (e.g. the Atlantic Ocean, Arctic Ocean, Norwegian Sea, and Barents Sea; Lake Baikal, the Volga, Danube, Ural, Rhine, Elbe, Seine, Po, and Thames Rivers; the Alps, Pyrenees, and Balkan Mountains). Use other kinds of maps (e.g., landform, population, climate) to determine important characteristics of this region.
- On a political map of the region, demonstrate map reading skills to distinguish countries, capitals, and other cities and to describe their absolute location (using latitude and longitude coordinates) and relative location (relationship to other countries, cities, or bodies of water); use knowledge of maps to complement information gained from text about a city, country or region.
- Explain how absolute and relative locations, major physical characteristics, climate and natural resources in this region have influenced settlement patterns, population size, and economies of the countries.
- Identify what time zones are, when and how the precise measurement of longitude was scientifically and historically determined, the function and location of the International Date Line, and the function of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England, and give examples of differences in time in countries in different parts of the world.
Ancient and Classical Greece, c. 1200-300 BCE 5 Weeks
Supporting Question: How does the democracy of Athens compare to the democracies of today?
- On a historical map of the Mediterranean area, locate Greece and trace the extent of its influence from c. 1200 to 300 BCE.
- Explain how the geographical location of ancient Athens and other city-states such as Corinth and Sparta contributed to their role in maritime trade, colonies in the Mediterranean, and the expansion of their cultural influence.
- Explain the democratic political concepts developed in ancient Greece.
constitution writing, rule of law.
- Compare and contrast life in Athens and Sparta, including the status and role of women and enslaved people in the two city-states.
- Analyze the causes, and consequences of the Persian Wars between Greek city-states and the Persian Empire (490-480 BCE), the Peloponnesian Wars between Athens and Sparta (431-404 BCE), and the conquests of Alexander the Great in Asia (c.336-331 BCE).
- Give examples of Greek gods and goddesses, heroes, and events; explain the persistence of terms from Greek and Roman mythology in modern English and other European languages (e.g., Pandora’s box, a Herculean task, the wrath of Achilles, Amazon, Olympics, marathon, narcissism).
- Identify the major accomplishments of the ancient Greeks by researching and reporting on one of the following:
- a scientist or mathematician (e.g., Thales, Pythagoras, Euclid, or Hippocrates)
- a philosopher(e.g., Socrates, Plato, or Aristotle), historian (e.g., Herodotus or Thucydides), poet or dramatist (e.g., Homer, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Aristophanes, or Euripides)
- architecture (e.g., the Parthenon, the Acropolis, and the Temple of Apollo)
- writing (e.g., development of the first complete alphabet with symbols for consonants and vowels)
- art (e.g., the development of ideals of beauty and proportions in the human body in sculpture or the depiction of myths and heroes in vase painting)
Ancient and Classical Rome, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire, c. 500 BCE-500 CE
Supporting Questions: What was the influence and legacy of the Roman Empire on the conquered peoples in the territory it controlled? 7 Weeks
- Locate Rome on a map, trace the expansion of the Roman Empire to 500 CE and explain how Rome’s location contributed to its political power in the Mediterranean and beyond.
- Describe the rise of the Roman Republic, its government, including separation of powers, rule of law, representative government, and the notion of civic duty.
- Describe the influence of Julius Caesar and Augustus in Rome’s transition from a republic to an empire and explain the reasons for the growth and long life of the Roman Empire.
- Military organization, tactics, and conquests; and decentralized administration
- the purpose and functions of taxes
- the promotion of economic growth through the use of a standard currency, road construction, and the protection of trade routes and the benefits of a Pax Romana
- Military organization, tactics, and conquests; and decentralized administration
- Describe the characteristics of the system of classes and slavery under the Romans.
- Explain how inner forces (e.g., the rise of autonomous military powers, political corruption, and economic and political instability) and external forces (shrinking trade, invasions from northern tribes) led to the disintegration of the Roman Empire.
- Describe the contribution of the Romans to architecture, engineering, and technology (e.g., roads, bridges, arenas, baths, aqueducts, central heating, plumbing, and sanitation).
- Explain the spread and influence of the Roman alphabet and the Latin language, and the role of Latin and Greek in scientific and academic vocabulary today.
- Describe how scientific, philosophical, and aesthetic ideas diffused throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa as a result of trade, migration, conquest, and colonization.
31. Describe the history of ancient Israel and early Christianity (6th frameworks)
- the emergence of Christianity as a distinct religion, with roots in Judaism, but increasingly diverse followers throughout the Roman Empire and the relationship of early Christians to the officials of the Roman Empire.
- the central features of Christianity (e.g., the belief in a messiah who could redeem humans from sin, the concept of salvation, the belief in an Old and a new Testament in the Bible, the life and teachings of Jesus.).
BYZ Justinian Code?
The ancient Arabian Peninsula (7th century CE) ISLAM Supporting question: Why is the belief in one God significant to Islam, Judaism, and Christianity? (Note located in 6th frameworks) 7 weeks
- On a map of the Arabian Peninsula, identify the Red Sea and the cities of Mecca and Medina as the sites of the beginning of the Muslim religion.
- Explain Islam’s historical relationship to Judaism and Christianity as monotheistic religions.
- Describe the life and teachings of Muhammad (570-c. 632 CE) and the significance of the Qur’an as the primary source of Islamic belief.
16. Describe coexistence, tolerance, and trade between Arab and Christian kingdoms in the 8th to early 10th centuries CE. Golden Age of Islam
20. Explain how classical learning survived into the medieval world
a. the role of Islamic scholars in preserving Greek, Roman, and Arabic texts
b.. explain the global spread and consequences of Chinese inventions and technologies (e.g., gunpowder, the compass, printing, and papermaking).
Interactions among ancient societies in Western Asia, North Africa, and the Middle East
Supporting Question: How did ideas spread across ancient societies in this region? (Including WHI Topic 3)
- Describe the impact of encounters through trade, cultural exchange, and conquest among the societies and empires in the region, in particular, exchanges on land routes of the Silk Roads linking Europe, the steppes of West Asia, East Asia, and Africa, and the goods, languages, and cultural motifs exchanged (e.g., gold, ivory from Africa, grain from Western Asia, produce, horses, livestock, wood, furs from the steppes, ceramics, silk, and other luxury goods from China).
- Use information from primary and secondary sources to research contributions of one of the ancient Mesopotamian, Egyptian, Phoenician, Israelite, Islamic, and Eurasian societies to the modern world.
d. The Mongol Empire (1206-1368 CE), its role in the Silk Routes, the rule of Genghis Khan and Kublai Khan, contacts with Europeans, and the cultural achievements of the Yuan Dynasty (1221-1368) and early years of the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) in China.
e. The Ottoman Empire from its beginnings in 1299 CE, its capture of the city of Constantinople in 1453, through the reign of Sultan Süleiman I (1566 CE)
g. The early period of the Mughal Empire in India (1527-1857 CE) and its development as a major textile, shipbuilding, and firearms manufacturer and exporter and a major center of illustrated manuscripts
Topic 3 World History MIDDLE AGES : Explain the concepts of hereditary rule, kingdom, empire, feudal society, and dynasty and explain why these concepts are important in the analysis of political power and governments in different historical periods and in different places. European Middle Ages. 10 Weeks
Kingdoms and empires based in Europe[2]
k. Kingdoms and feudal societies in England, France, Germany, Rome, the Netherlands, Russia, and Spain, including the Holy Roman Empire (c. 5th century-1492 CE)
Explain the consolidation of wealth of the Catholic Church and the power struggles within the church in the 11th century CE, the development of the practices of feudalism, knighthood, and chivalry in Europe, and the emergence of the concept of rights in England.
The role of Christian monasteries housing libraries and making manuscript copies of Christian and pagan texts and the development of European universities from the 9th to the 13th centuries
22. Analyze the Agricultural Revolution (Arab or Green Revolution) in Africa, Europe, and Asia, including the diffusion of plants from Asia and Africa into medieval Spain and the construction of large scale systems of irrigation (e.g., canals, windmills, and aqueducts).
Explain the global consequences of diseases, focusing on the Bubonic plague and its spread through the Eurasian and African trade routes several times, in particular the severity of the impact of the disease on mortality rates in Europe, Africa, and Asia in the 15th century CE.
Evaluate the causes, course, and consequences of the European Crusades in the Mediterranean region in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries CE.
30. Describe the expulsion of Jews and Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula after the Treaty of Granada (1492), the rise of Spanish and Portuguese Kingdoms, the Spanish Inquisition, and the Spanish expeditions to conquer and Christianize the Americas and the Philippines, and Portuguese conflicts with Muslim states. (Topic 5 WHI)
36. Explain why England was the exception to the growth of absolutism in Europe.
a. the causes, essential events, and effects of the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution of 1688
b. the English Bill of Rights and its limits on the power of the monarch to act without the consent of Parliament (Topic 6 WHI)
European Renaissance 4 Weeks
24. Describe the origins and development of the European Renaissance, the emerging concept of humanism, and the influence and accomplishments of key artists, writers, and inventors of the Italian and Northern European Renaissance.
Clarification Statement: Students may use the following examples to meet this Standard:
Italian Renaissance: Michelangelo Buonarroti, Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Niccolò Machiavelli, Filippo Brunelleschi
Northern Renaissance: Jan van Eyck, Albrecht Durer, Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Hieronymus Bosch, William Shakespeare, Erasmus, Johannes Gutenberg
Italian city-states such as Venice, Milan, Florence, and Genoa (c. 800-1500 CE), the development of banking, capitalism, education, patronage of the arts, commerce with the Byzantine and Ottoman Empires and Asia
Protestant Reformation 2 Weeks
Describe political and religious origins of the Protestant Reformation and its effects on European society, including. the reasons for the growing discontent with the Catholic Church; the main ideas of Martin Luther and John Calvin; the importance of Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press and its adoption by others in the spread of Protestantism across Europe, and the formation of the Anglican Church.
Explain the purposes and policies of the Catholic Counter-Reformation, including the influence and ideas of Ignatius Loyola.
Identify the role that the Protestant Reformation and Catholic Counter-Reformation played on shifting political power in Europe, the persecution of religious minorities, and wars among European nations in the 15th and 16th centuries.
Philosophies of government and society
Supporting question: How did philosophies of government shape the everyday lives of people?
34. Identify the origins and the ideals of the European Enlightenment, such as happiness, reason, progress, liberty, and natural rights, and how intellectuals of the movement (e.g., Denis Diderot, Emmanuel Kant, John Locke, Charles de Montesquieu, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Mary Wollstonecraft, Cesare Beccaria, Voltaire, or social satirists such as Molière and William Hogarth) exemplified these ideals in their work and challenged existing political, economic, social, and religious structures.
35. Explain historical philosophies of government, giving examples from world history: